Connecticut Law Review, 43(2), 401-456. Maintaining interest through quality sport options. The following graph depicts the percentage of women’s participation compared to the total number of athletes in the Winter Olympic Games from 1924 to 2014. The second study, Observations at Public Parks, documented a total of 2,879 sports and exercise participants at public parks at four U.S. locations, where it was found that females make up 19% of the participants in individual sports and 10% in team sports (7). Procedia – Social And Behavioral Sciences, 91(PSU-USM International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences), 215-227. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.420 Exceptions to Title IX include educational institutions that traditionally admit members of only one sex, institutions that train individuals for military service, and institutions whose compliance with Title IX would violate religious beliefs (20). 19. The main legal guiding principles of Title IX are not necessarily based on the fact that men and women have equal interest. Question: Female College Student Participation In Athletics Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Few Decades. Women participation in the Winter Olympic Games. [online] Available at: https://goo.gl/hL4eK5 [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. 1. sport participation among girls and women has increased 2. occupational and family roles of women have changed. (2018). In a recent study (14), it was found that about three-fourths of the girls in their sample reported discouraging comments regarding their ability in sports. Further continuations of Title IX involved the 1975 Title IX regulations and the 1979 Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics, which were both issued by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Office of Civil Rights, and the 1996 Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletic Policy Guidance: The Three Part Test, issued by the U.S. Department of Education: Office of Civil Rights (11). Furthermore, data were analyzed for three different variables: student-athlete financial aid, total expenses, and basketball. 22 women competed in the following two sports events: golf and tennis. His doctoral emphasis is sports fitness and health, with a specialization in sport marketing. [online] Available at: https://goo.gl/HdVyFD [Accessed 7 Feb. 2018]. Below are graphs, for some Muslim countries from three different areas: Middle East, South Asia and Africa; and their female participation in the last 6 Summer Olympic Games. One study (5) examined affirmative action policies, and how such policies are interpreted in sport organizations. This leads me to speak about the factors that lead to the rise of female athletes. With the passing of time, the number of female athletes in the Olympic Games has persistently increased. Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: A review of research. Based on this data, one can see the leadership positions in sports organizations are skewed towards male leadership, and this supports the notion of masculinity in sports as well as masculine leadership in sport. Women in sport are still greatly underrepresented in all types of media and are usually not recognized for their athletic ability, but instead for their physical appearance, femininity, and/or heterosexuality (9, 16, 21). This level of equity in participation of this coed sport allowed for the male counterpart to see that the female was capable of meeting the demands of the sport, and changed the perception of most of the male participants. In sports events such as the Summer Olympic Games, it has been observed that nations also benefit from women participation. Gender & Society, 7, 121-137. Similar to sport leadership, women in athletic participation are affected by the same masculinizing effects attributed to the norm of sports.
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