MODVOLC recorded thermal anomalies between 5 and 10 times each month from January through April, between 1 and 4 times in May, July, and August, and again between 5 and 10 times in September and October. The cones exhibited intense explosive activity and underground noises. Another long-period event and explosion were recorded at 1829 later that day that generated another ash plume, though weather clouds obscured views. ONEMI maintained an Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the municipalities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli, and the exclusion zone of 500 m around the crater. "When the last eruptive cycle of Villarrica Volcano (30 October-26 February) began to decay in January 1985, seismic activity also decreased. These were characterized by convective lava fountains and Strombolian explosions from the lava pit, located ~ 40-150 m below the rim of the crater, according to POVI. In this region, the Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American plate, which causes the volcanism of the region. ONEMI and SERNAGEOMIN reported that the seismic network at Villarrica recorded significant variations in seismicity beginning at 0030 on 8 September, characterized by an increase in the number of long-period (LP) events from 20 to 50 per hour. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. Chilean Continent. Continuous steam and gas emissions with occasional ash plumes rose 100-520 m above the summit. SERNAGEOMIN lowered the alert level to Green on 31 December 2015. OVDAS reported that during November 2017, the webcams near the summit showed evidence of low-intensity, predominantly white degassing to low altitudes (100 m above the summit). Strombolian activity continued during March-August 2019 with an increase in July. Villarrica has been relatively quiet since 4 September 2006. Observations of Villarrica on 9 April revealed that no incandescence or explosive noises occurred in the volcano's crater. | November 2014: December Gas emissions were visible in the daytime. The Villarrica is one of the most active volcanoes in Chile and in Southamerica. Only weak pulses of ash rose from the crater, and most evacuees had returned home. Gas emission decreased, and a lava lake with a thin solidified crust and a 10-m diameter was observed by the end of the interval. Two days later SERNAGEOMIN raised the alert level to Orange (3 of 4) based on increased DR values close to 80 cm2 and seismic amplitudes of 40 μm/s, as well as increased Strombolian activity and bombs ejected to 500-600 m from the crater. This report covers the time period from November 2010 to December 2013. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 5-km radius around the crater and 200 m away from drainages in the SW and NE quadrants. Gas discharges and one thin ashfall in late December. During February incandescence could be observed on 14 clear nights, indicating weak magmatic activity. | August Renewed activity in early December 2014 was followed by a large explosion on 3 March 2015 that included a 9-km-altitude ash plume. Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN); Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI); Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI). Activity during 2016. Fountains were noted on the lake's surface and frequent bursts ejected spatter and incandescent bombs beyond the summit crater. On 5 October, an observer of the Centro Volcanológico Villarrica (CVV) reported a short ash eruption with ashfall S towards Coñaripe. Calder, E.S., Harris, A.J.L., Peña, P., Pilger, E., Flynn, L.P., Fuentealba, G., and Moreno, H., 2004, Conbined thermal and seismic analysis of the Villarrica volcano lava lake, Chile: Revista Geológica de Chile, v. 31, no. On 2 November a steam-and-gas plume drifted NE. Sintesis historica de als erupciones del Volcan Villarrica, Chile. On 3 February, the crater floor was partially covered with talus, but a small vent was actively degassing in the N part of the crater floor. Four days later, on 30 August, small ash emissions and continuous explosions were observed from 1430 to 1500, followed by a strong explosion at 1506. Increased acoustic activity of loud explosions of gases inside the 40-m-wide volcanic vent at the summit crater were reported during 10-12 December. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/). "A brief eruption from Villarrica's central crater was reported during the afternoon of 11 August. The S part of the intracrater platform left after the 1984-85 eruption had collapsed into the central pit. Increased seismicity was detected during November 2017. POVI's time-lapse webcams located in Pucón captured the event. On 14 May the webcam recorded 24-m-wide lava fountains rising as high as 70 m. An explosion later that day at 2220 ejected a mushroom-shaped fountain 70 m high. "On 18 November, a clear deformation of the SW slope was observed between 2,200 and 2,800 m above sea level. After about 30 minutes of observations, a 2 m2 section of the crater floor collapsed, enlarging the pit. Activity throughout the month remained similar to previous months, with a fluctuating lava lake and minor explosions. Muñoz, M., 1984, Probabilidad de erupción en el Volcán Villarrica en los próximos años: Tralka, v. 2, no. Incandescence was visible at night when weather conditions permitted. Gases escaped freely, generating explosions in the crater that ejected lava spatter to 20-100 m in height, forming a spatter cone. Information Contacts: H. Moreno, G. Fuentealba, and M. Petit-Breuilh, SERNAGEOMIN, Temuco. Material from those eruptions had formed a carpet of tephra that lay scattered around the chimney with thicknesses up to 15 m in the W part of the crater floor. The highest plumes in the first half of August reached 520 m above the summit on 7 August. 504 Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France (URL: http://www.lave-volcans.com/bardintzeff.html); Judy Harden, Department of Geology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, SCA528, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Publicación Oficial del Grupo Projecto de Observación Villarrica - Internet (P.O.V.I.) Information Contacts: G. Fuentealba and P. Peña, Univ de La Frontera; M. Petit-Breuilh, Fundación Andes, Temuco. The Alert Level was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 5-km radius around the crater and away from drainages. OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 31 March-4 April small Strombolian explosions at Villarrica continued, and seismicity slightly and steadily increased. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 5-km radius around the crater and away from drainages. At Villarrica during 12-29 January 2001, incandescent lava was observed in the crater and ballistics were ejected ~10-30 m. Frequent explosions occurred, accompanied by degassing sounds that continued through February. The plumes quickly dispersed to the E. About 20 minutes later a darker gray plume rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. Lara, L.E., and Clavero, J. Afterwards tremor diminished and puffing ceased at the fumaroles. A large explosion on 3 March 2015 included a 9-km-altitude ash plume; significant thermal anomalies from intermittent Strombolian activity at the lava lake and small ash emissions have continued since that time. (2019) to capture gas emissions close to the vent using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) demonstrated good agreement between gas ratios obtained from simultaneous UAS- and ground-based multi-GAS acquisitions. Steam plumes rose less than 550 m above the crater and no thermal activity was apparent. Observations from January through May 2000 were provided by the Proyecto de Observacion Villarrica (POVI). Nevertheless short periods of clear weather made possible a view of the activity level of the crater indicating small Strombolian explosions every 2 minutes. de Chile, Santiago. 2010: March On 20 March POVI reported very weak and sporadic incandescence emanating from Villarrica’s crater, noting very low rates of activity since mid-December 2017. | September Magma level in the crater lake however, is inferred to have been high on 25 September from nighttime observations of glow. At 1522 on 7 August a long-period earthquake occurred along with a moderate explosion in the summit crater according to SERNAGEOMIN; a gray ash plume rose to 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash and lapilli deposits on the E edge of the crater was also visible on 30 July. Beginning on 5 April 2010, thermal anomalies became more frequent, with detections on 18 days in April, and 14 days in May. Seismicity was recorded at the volcano during March-May by a telemetered seismic station (VNV) 4.5 km from the summit, at 1,400 m elev. On 13 February, they witnessed powerful "lava jets" that rose 150 m (figure 47); bombs up to a meter in diameter were ejected 50 m from the vent and spatter covered much of the inner walls of the crater. They also collected bombs ejected near the crater rim (figure 39), and observed persistent minor ash-and-gas emissions (figure 41). Information Contacts: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Avda Sta María No. During an overflight on 9 March scientists observed subsidence of material in the crater which partially obscured the conduit. The resulting ash blanket covered 60,000 m2 and bordered the volcano's ski resort ("Ski Villarrica"), which lies ~4 km from the summit on the NW flank. It is also known as Rucapillán, a Mapuche word meaning "great spirit's house". Activity continued to gradually decline, and on 8 June the Alert Level was lowered to Yellow. 12/1971 (CSLP 95-71) Eruption during November-December 1971 generates multiple lava flows, 02/1972 (CSLP 95-71) Ash eruption and lava flows; lahars cause major damage and kill 30 people, 10/1979 (SEAN 04:10) Fumarolic activity increases, 09/1980 (SEAN 05:09) Ash eruptions and pyroclastic flow, 10/1983 (SEAN 08:10) Continuous explosions emit tephra; pyroclastic flows; summit glow suggests lava fountaining, 09/1984 (SEAN 09:09) Brief ash eruption; increased seismicity, 11/1984 (SEAN 09:11) Lava carves channels in ice; bulge on opposite flank, 01/1985 (SEAN 10:01) Lava flow to N foot; lahar; pyroclastic cone collapses, 11/1985 (SEAN 10:11) Small lava fountains and ash; increased seismicity, 05/1992 (BGVN 17:05) Volcanic earthquakes and tremor, 08/1992 (BGVN 17:08) Phreatomagmatic explosions and intense fumarolic activity, 10/1992 (BGVN 17:10) Ash eruption builds two new cones, 11/1992 (BGVN 17:11) Spatter ejected from small summit vent; strong fumarolic activity, 12/1992 (BGVN 17:12) Weak explosions and seismicity, 06/1993 (BGVN 18:06) High-frequency seismicity increases, 10/1994 (BGVN 19:10) Minor ash-falls to SE and W; recurrent tremor, 12/1994 (BGVN 19:12) Gas discharges and one thin ashfall in late December, 02/1995 (BGVN 20:02) Sketches of both the crater and ash lobes from late-December eruptions, 04/1995 (BGVN 20:04) Tremor, mild explosions, and a new pyroclastic cone, 08/1996 (BGVN 21:08) Seismic increase a week prior to a 14 September ash emission, 09/1996 (BGVN 21:09) Increased seismicity again in late September, 12/1996 (BGVN 21:12) Crater observations for the interval 11 September 1996-13 January 1997, 04/1997 (BGVN 22:04) Strombolian activity and lava in central pit; red glow returns at night, 08/1997 (BGVN 22:08) Explosions during March-June; crater glow in August, 10/1997 (BGVN 22:10) Earthquake swarm in late October, 03/1998 (BGVN 23:03) Escalating seismic amplitudes in March prelude to more explosions and ash, 11/1998 (BGVN 23:11) Summary of February-November activity; intermittent lava pond pulses, phreatic explosions, 03/1999 (BGVN 24:03) Three years of seasonal fluctuations in lava pond height, 09/1999 (BGVN 24:09) Increased tremor and small ash explosions, 10/2000 (BGVN 25:10) During 2000 a still-active lava lake, occasional outbursts, and increased lahar risks, 03/2001 (BGVN 26:03) Pahoehoe steadily fills crater; gas discharges and explosions in October-December 2000, 02/2002 (BGVN 27:02) Small 14 May eruption; multi-year incandescence; crater visits, 06/2002 (BGVN 27:06) General decrease in activity during February-May 2002, 12/2004 (BGVN 29:12) Active lava lake observed during late 2004, 05/2006 (BGVN 31:05) Unusual seismicity, minor pyroclastic, and gas explosions, January-April 2005, 08/2006 (BGVN 31:08) Nearly continuous satellite thermal anomalies observed since 2005, 01/2009 (BGVN 34:01) Thermal anomalies throughout 2007; ash plumes November 2007 and October 2008, 04/2010 (BGVN 35:04) Lava lake in summit crater very active beginning in April 2010, 10/2010 (BGVN 35:10) Nearly continuous gas plumes emitted from long-lived lava lake through October 2010, 03/2014 (BGVN 39:03) During November 2010 to December 2013, lava lake persists but few explosions, 11/2016 (BGVN 41:11) Lava lake reappears in February 2015 and is ongoing; large ash explosion on 3 March 2015, 12/2017 (BGVN 42:12) Lava lake level fluctuates and Strombolian activity persists during October 2016-November 2017, 10/2018 (BGVN 43:10) Thermal activity increases November-December 2017 and July-August 2018; intermittent incandescence and ash, 03/2019 (BGVN 44:03) Intermittent Strombolian activity ejects incandescent bombs around crater rim, September 2018-February 2019, 09/2019 (BGVN 44:09) Strombolian activity continued during March-August 2019 with an increase in July, 04/2020 (BGVN 45:04) Brief increase in explosions, mid-September 2019; continued thermal activity through February 2020, 09/2020 (BGVN 45:09) Continued summit incandescence February-August 2020 with larger explosions in July and August, Eruption during November-December 1971 generates multiple lava flows, Card 1323 (03 December 1971) Ejection of lava bombs and lava flows in November, "First eruption Villarrica about fourteen days ago. Nighttime incandescence and steam plumes rising to 550 m characterized activity reported by OVDAS during April 2017. Pulsating emissions of water vapor were common. Climbers also documented diffuse gas plumes rising from the crater in early 2009 (figures 22 and 23). Continuous incandescence was observed in webcams during August 2018; satellite thermal data identified an abrupt rise in thermal energy in late July that remained at a low level into early September 2018. On 1 January 2010, the POVI webcam imaged a dark low-altitude plume. Mountain guides Victor Sepulveda and Claudio Marticorena reported a vigorously convecting lava lake 50 m in diameter with fountaining from several areas of the lake. Costantini L, Pioli L, Bonadonna C, Clavero J, Longchamp C, 2011. Seismicity included harmonic tremor. SERNAGEOMIN reported low levels of activity at Villarrica during 1-15 January, characterized by whitish gas plumes rising 250 m above the crater rim and nighttime crater incandescence observed during periods of clear weather. On 6 February tephra was ejected about 65 m above the crater rim and two consecutive ash emissions were observed. Seismicity had significantly decreased, although the data continued to indicate small explosions and degassing from the lava lake. Which volcanoes are located along converging plate boundaries? These plumes quickly dispersed E. A fourth and larger darker gray plume rose 200 m above the crater rim and, according to the Projecto Observación Visual Volcán Villarrica (POVI), deposited a thin layer of tephra several kilometers long on the E flank. Lara L E, Clavero J (eds), 2004. Only a single MODVOLC thermal alert was issued on 4 April. Incandescence was observed on clear nights. Visitors were banned from climbing the volcano. The alert level was lowered back to Green on 16 May. On 19 June, observers noted few changes in the crater compared to an earlier visit on 24 April. This situation was continuing as of 25 November, with a small gap in mid-late November. | September of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/, http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/modisnew.cgi); Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI), Beaucheff 1637/1671, Santiago, Chile (URL: http://www.onemi.cl/); Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Servicio Meteorológico Nacional-Fuerza Aérea Argentina, 25 de mayo 658, Buenos Aires, Argentina (URL: http://www.smn.gov.ar/vaac/buenosaires/inicio.php?lang=es); NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/). ), Wiesenstrasse 8, 86438 Kissing, Germany (URL: https://www.povi.cl/). Ash emissions associated with the earthquakes rose 160 m and drifted NW and 280 m and drifted NE, respectively. Active lava lake observed during late 2004. Information Contacts: Werner Keller, Proyecto de Observación Villarrica/Internet (POVI), Wiesenstr. Villarrica, along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean part of Lanín, are protected within Villarrica … Moreno, H., Fuentealba, G., and Riffo, P. (in press), The 1984-1985 eruption of Villarrica, southern Andes of Chile (39°21'S): Basaltic Lava Flows Furrowed the Ice Cap. Introduction to Plate Tectonics: The Earth's upper, rigid layer is broken into several plates which are in constant motion to one another. The webcam captured ash emissions on 2, 14, 15, 18, and 19 December. | April In October and November 1996, activity was characterized by a rapidly convecting lava lake that nearly filled the central crater pit (BGVN 21:12). Activity during 2014. A second photograph showed a diffuse gas plume rising from the bottom of the crater, and ash and lapilli on the snow on the inner crater walls. In addition, this report presents several years of incandescence and associated air-clarity data. The Alert Level was raised to Red (the highest level on a four-color scale). A small ash plume seen on 19 March was due to small collapses within the crater. Lava flowed out through a new channel NE toward the Río Correntoso (which turns NW and flows about 20 km into Lake Villarrica), reaching the base of the volcano. When observed on 27 October, the bottom of the crater had increased several meters in height due to outpouring of volatile-poor pahoehoe lava from a small incipient cone and other subsidiary vents (figure 11). They also noted that long-period (LP) seismicity increased in both energy amplitude and frequency during the last few days of the month. Expand each entry for additional details. ONEMI reported that during 1-15 July activity at Villarrica was characterized by nighttime crater incandescence, gas emission, and sporadic tephra emissions. OVDAS prohibited ascents to the top of the volcano because of possible explosions or eruptions. Card 1337 (30 December 1971) O. Gonzalez-Ferran, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Average frequencies of 1.9, 0.8, and 0.6 Hz were recorded 4.5 km (station VNV), 18.7 km (station PP) and 21 km (station PL) from the volcano, respectively, in April. Geotherm. Source: Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI). The process of magma formation is different at each type of plate boundary, where the tectonic setting is unique. A few times, emissions were gray, attributed to ash emissions from collapses of the inner wall of the crater by SERNAGEOMIN. A rapid rise in the level of the lava lake (in a pit about 40 m wide) on 19 September caused much of the snow and ice to melt, especially on the southern inner wall. The crater floor contained a large opening, a chimney. The parallel fumarolic activity was moderate and mainly consisted of vapor. 2018: March | May Incandescence was seen at night during January and February. Spatter fragments up to 40 cm were scattered around the summit. Courtesy of Werner Keller. Incandescence was not detected. ONEMI and SERNAGEOMIN reported that on 6 August the Alert Level for Villarrica was raised to Yellow, the second lowest level on a four-color scale, reflecting the recent increase in minor Strombolian activity ejecting spatter onto the flanks near the rim during the past weeks. General decrease in activity during February-May 2002. An energetic long-period event on 15 September, the culmination of this period of high-amplitude tremor, is considered to have been associated with a small explosive event in the crater and ash emission. An eruption that lasted for 3-5 minutes sent a dark column of particles and gases up to ~1.5 km above the volcano. Early on 5 February, after a break of 2 months, the lava pond reappeared on the crater floor. There is no Deformation History data available for Villarrica. Figure 3 shows the ash distribution seen by aerial observers in the upper part of the ski area (Piedra Blanca). They can also be beautiful to visit or even climb! Incandescent ejecta was captured in the POVI webcam on 7 February (figure 94). Seismicity increased significantly in October, totaling 1,874 long-period events. On 26 August, water in a nearby river (Río Carmelito) was cloudy and the river level abnormally high. Explosive activity. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Increased activity was characterized by recorded volcano-tectonic earthquakes, increased thermal anomalies identified in satellite data, and increased lava-lake activity. SERNAGEOMIN reported continuous white emissions and incandescence at night when the weather permitted. Thermal activity increases November-December 2017 and July-August 2018; intermittent incandescence and ash. Low-altitude degassing was typical activity during October-December 2019; occasionally steam and gas plumes rose 300 m above the summit, but they were generally less than 200 m high. Seismicity also increased, with a total of 165 seismic events, of which 158 were tremors. The Buenos Aires VAAC reported a 5.5-km-high ash plume on 27 March extending 55 km NE. A lava flow going down on the southern side nearly reached the Calafquen Lake. Sporadic ash emissions that reached 400 m above the summit were reported by SERNAGEOMIN during July. That same day, Villarrica discharged gas at 20-30 second intervals that looked grayish to sky blue, apparently rich in SO2. Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories and web camera views, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 1-2 November ash plumes from Villarrica rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.6 km (12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. Fresh ash deposits were seen outside of the volcano's crater. Continued vertical ejection lava bombs.". OVDAS reported steam plumes during August rising to 150 m, sporadic ash and larger pyroclastic emissions around the crater rim, and nighttime incandescence. During April-October 2010, nearly continuous gas plumes from Villarrica (figures 26 and 27), sometimes containing small amounts of ash, occasionally rose higher than 700 m above the crater rim. Deformation data suggested minor inflation. and drifted N, NE, E, and ESE. Historical eruptions at Chile's Villarrica, documented since 1558, have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Information Contacts: O. González-Ferrán, H. Moreno R., and L. López E., Univ. Although incandescence had decreased earlier, when visited on 9 August strong degassing occurred, and at 60- to 90-second intervals the chimney ejected ash, lapilli, and bombs (up to 20 cm across) toward the W and SW edges of the crater. Nearly continuous gas plumes emitted from long-lived lava lake through October 2010. POVI reported that during 24-25 July multiple Strombolian explosions in Villarrica’s summit crater were detected in seismic data and ejected incandescent material onto the flanks. The town of Villarrica was established in the 1550’s by Gerónimo de Alderete, to exploit gold washing in the area. As of 31 December 1994 no new activity was reported. Sources: Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI); Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN). OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported moderate seismic activity during 29 April-5 May. As reported by volcano guides on 17 February, two vents on the NE side of the crater floor had small Strombolian eruptions and extruded incandescent lava onto the crater floor (BGVN 22:04). Activity during June-November 2017. A small vent opened in the crater, and was subsequently closed by fresh lava. Seismographs indicated harmonic tremor at base levels and at 1400 on 9 October, tremor bands were recorded. And in this case, the Pacific and the hotspot made the volcano, Mauna Loa. On 29 November it became active again and ejected lava flows and pyroclastic cone in its central crater. Between 2 and 3 December they observed an 8-10 m drop of the lava in the vent, leaving behind a circular depression with a small incandescent chimney on the NNW side. Water vapor plumes continued rising to around 600-700 m above the crater during April and May with no significant changes in incandescence. In February, only five seismic events were recorded with very little harmonic tremor. Sporadic explosions were imaged on 12 February as well (figure 73). This report reviews activity during January-May 2000 and September-October 2000. POVI reported the collapse of a segment of the eastern crater rim, possibly due to snow weight, between 9 and 12 August. A group of OVDAS scientists conducted a field visit on 27 October and observed 11 new small fumaroles on the inner wall of the crater, and steep walls of pyroclastic material generated in the explosions from earlier in the year. 5.5 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Plate Boundary And Volcano Barbados! The crater is almost circular, with a diameter of about 200 m and a depth of 300-400 m. Card 1337 (30 December 1971) Three lava flows down the SW slope cause glacial melting. Bursts of lava ejected from an unseen source did not rise above the crater rim. Seismological Team, Univ de la Frontera, Fundacion Andes, Temuco. Santiago: Instituto Geografico Militar, 635 p. Hickey-Vargas R, Moreno H, Lopez-Escobar L, Frey F A, 1989. Weak Strombolian explosions continued throughout the remainder of March. According to the Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes (OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN), during February 2009 through February 2010, the volcano experienced frequent tremor and occasional long-period earthquakes, with infrequent tectonic and hybrid earthquakes. Incandescence was observed in the crater throughout April, and ballistics were ejected ~20-110 m as frequently as every 2-10 minutes during mid-April. Activity increased the next day with ejecta recorded 400 m from the crater, and the explosions were felt 12 km from the summit. A constructive plate boundary Iceland Eyjafjallajökull © Flickr; Bjarki Sigursveinsson A destructive plate boundary Villarrica, Chile Mount Villarrica © Flickr; Gerben van Heijningen Mauna Loa and Kilauea Mauna Loa © Flickr; Aubrey Saunders Kilauea Volcano © Flickr; Greg Bishop Mount Etna Etna 12 may 2011 © Flickr; Helena Eriksson The structure of a composite volcano Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh … The following report, from the scientific team at the Observatorio Volcanologico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), is for the period 20 August through 11 October 1999. Steam plumes were reported to only 250 m above the crater rim during May along with incandescence at night, but there were seven MODVOLC thermal alerts on four different days; 1 (2), 19 (3), 20, and 29 May. Information Contacts: G. Fuentealba and P. Riffo, Univ de la Frontera. When Jürg Alean visited the summit on 21 January, the faint noises caused by degassing could be clearly heard. Explosions decreased in intensity by 13 September, but avalanches of incandescent material were visible on the E flank in the early morning hours (figure 87). Another series of eruptions about 16,000 years ago may have been larger still, forming deposits known as the Lican Ignimbrite. "There were no signs of eruptive activity 6-9 November, although tremors and underground rumbling were reported at Pucón. At about 1300 on 21 February observers saw several dark ash and gas emissions. During 2009 thermal anomalies detected using MODIS/MODVOLC data occurred on 24 March, 9 April, and 26 November. The UAS measurements, however, taken from the young, less diluted gas plume revealed additional short-term patterns that reflected active degassing through discrete, audible gas exhalations (figures 62 and 63). A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesitic cone at the NW margin of the Pleistocene caldera. They increased the restricted radius from 500 to 1,000 m from the summit crater. Similar continuing activity during September 2018-February 2019 is covered in this report, with information provided primarily by the Southern Andes Volcano Observatory (Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur, OVDAS), part of Chile's National Service of Geology and Mining (Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, SERNAGEOMIN), and Projecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI), part of the Fundacion Volcanes de Chile, a research group that studies volcanoes across Chile.
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